No system is perfect; the key lies in the combined effects of multiple constraints. Papal Corruption and Moral Issues: John XII (955-964) is considered one of the most corrupt popes in history. He was accused of murder, adultery, gambling, and turning the Lateran Palace into a brothel. Alexander VI (1492-1503) Rodrigo Borgia was perhaps the most notorious for corruption. He openly acknowledged having multiple illegitimate children and exploited his papacy to enrich his family and gain immense political power. He sold simony, manipulated elections, and was even accused of poisoning political opponents. Leo X (1513-1521), a member of the Medici family, was known for his extravagant lifestyle. He raised funds through the widespread sale of indulgences, which directly triggered Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation.